Formation of Coals

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Coal begins when plants are deposited in swamps, then submerged rapidly enough to limit oxidation but to allow microbial decomposition. Shallow waters of a constant depth, such as created between fluvial systems in plains along the coast of seaways or behind coastal barriers, allow enough plant mass and its covering of sediment to accumulate as undisturbed peat.
The peatification process continues as the decomposing plants are progressively covered with sediments, physical processes act to compress, and biochemical processes alter the remains in an environment of warm temperatures and abundant rainfall. When the organic mass becomes deeply buried, coalification transforms it as a function of pressure, temperature, and time. Of these parameters, temperature is the most important in the geochemical reactions that occur.
As temperature and time progressively change the molecular structure of coals, a point is reached where thermogenic methane is evolved in large volumes, micropores develop to store extraordinary amounts of methane per unit of coal, and fractures permeate the coal to transport the excess methane. Thus, methane is generated to be stored and dissipated over geologic time.

Sources ; Coalbed Methane : Principles and Practices, Halliburton, June 2007.

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